Remote Sensing

Remote Sensing

GIS Application

GIS Application

GIS is a technique or an information system that provides spatial information within and outside the planet earth. It is one of the best ways to explore as it gives the integrate information about the attributes in every field. It mainly gives information about the geographical data through map that are also in digital form.

To make a better use of GIS it in important to know about the application and the use of GIS in its field like business, transport, tourism etc.

There are 5 major applications used in diverse field which are as follows:
 

1. Facilities management
2. Natural resource management
3. Transport network
4. Planning and engineering
5. Land information system
      i)  Business
      ii) Agriculture
 

1. Facilities management- Large scale and precise maps and network analysis are used mainly for utility management. Automated mapping/facility management is frequently used in this area.

2. Natural resource management- It is an overlay technique and maps with scales of medium and small that shows the combination of aerial photographs and satellite images which are used for natural resource management.

3. Transport network- Maps of large or medium scale and spatial analysis are used for the purpose of networking,location of streets etc.

4. Planning and Engineering- Engineering models along with large and medium scale maps are mainly used in civil engineering.

5. Land information system- Large scale Cadastre maps or land parcel maps and spatial analysis are used for Cadastre administration, taxation etc.

     i)  Business- GIS is a tool that helps in locating things and managing the business through tracing the business sites and customers.

     ii)  Agriculture- GIS application is used in agricultural field that shows the yield of crops,species,region,soil etc.

Other than 5 major applications along with agriculture and business application some more important applications are environment, geology, hydrology, mapping, military, forestry, etc. Therefore, there are numerous aspects and advantages to gather new and important information through GIS in diverse field to make a better decision.  

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What is Image Classification?

What is Image Classification?

Remote sensing is the science and the art of obtaining information about an object, area, or phenomenon through the analysis of data acquired by a device that is not contact with the object, area or phenomenon under investigation.(Lillesand and Kiefer, 1994). The images taken are in the form of pixel and the process of changing it into digital images that make sense is known as image classification.It is based on technique that provides information through images. For eg.Land cover futher categorised into- forest,water,agriculture etc.

The two basic classifications are:

1. Supervised
2. Unsupervised

1.  Supervised- This classification requires "training sites" where a person is aware about the ground so that a polygon can be digitized of that area.The image processing software system is then used to develop a statistical characterization of the reflectance for each information class. This stage is often called "signature analysis" and may involve developing a characterization as simple as the mean or the rage of reflectance on each bands, or as complex as detailed analyses of the mean, variances and covariance over all bands.(Eastman, 1995)

Supervised classification is further classified into:

• Parallelpiped
• Minimum distance to mean
• Maximum likelihood

2.  Unsupervised- Unsupervised classification is a method which examines a large number of unknown pixels and divides into a number of classed based on natural groupings present in the image values. unlike supervised classification, unsupervised classification does not require analyst-specified training data. The basic premise is that values within a given cover type should be close together in the measurement space (i.e. have similar gray levels), whereas data in different classes should be comparatively well separated (i.e. have very different gray levels) (PCI, 1997; Lillesand and Kiefer, 1994; Eastman, 1995 )

Unsupervised is further classified into technique:

• K-Means classification
• SODATA classification
• Expectation Maximization (EM)classification

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APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING

Application of Remote Sensing

Remote sensing is a technique to know about the various geographical features of the earth that is in the remote areas. We can know about the object or features without coming in any physical or direct contact with them and this is just because the planet earth and its environment are being observed by the number of satellites that are orbiting around the earth.

There are a large number of things being observed and covered by the satellite and all are of several fields. There are variety of remote sensing applications like climatology, oceanography, agriculture, etc. India has its own satellites Bhaskara, Rohini, Insat, IRS etc.

Some remote sensing applications are:

1. Land cover and land use
2. Agriculture
3. Forestry
4. Geology
5. Geomorphology
6. Hydrology
7. Mapping
8. Ocean and coastal monitoring
9. Monitoring of Atmospheric Constituents

1. Land use and land cover- Both land cover and use are different as land use is related to the various activities of human in which way they use the land for ex.-industrial, residencial, recreational etc. Whereas land cover is related to the physical state of the land ex.-forest,grassland,minerals etc. 
2. Agriculture-Remote sensing application in agriculture helps in identification of crops, its yield, management, condition farming etc.
3. Forestry-It helps in monitoring the type of forest, its coverage, exploitation and many other ways application is helpful.
4. Geology-The application in geology is helpful in knowing about the earth's crust. It provides knowledge about the landform, structure, composition by physical, chemical and biological changes on and within the surface. We come to know about deposition, bedrock, minerals, soil etc.
5. Geomorphology- In geomorphology the remote sensing application tells about the landform and the process that are being used i.e. endogenetic and exogenetic processes. That includes volcanic, plate tectonic, weathering, erosion etc.
6. Hydrology-This is the application that gives information about every process that is related with water for ex. water quality,soil moisture, snow,flood,lake etc.
7. Mapping-Mapping is related to each and every activity that is being covered by the satellite. The remotely sensed data that are captures are shown on the maps. Through mapping we get to know about the land cover, settlements, types of crop, soil, etc.
8. Oceans and coastal monitoring-Ocean application of remote sensing helps identification of the ocean and each and every activity related to oceans like shipping, oil spill, storm, currents etc.
9. Monitoring of atmospheric constituent-Remote sensing application of atmospheric constituent includes water vapour,methane,carbon-di-oxide,ozone,etc.

There are endless application of remote sensing that can be used in various fields and process of land, ocean and atmosphere. There are so many applications that proved effective, whereas some are not that effective and so it is being improved by the technology. 

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WHAT IS IMAGE INTERPRETATION?

Image interpretation is related with the identification of  remote sensed objects or images and knowing about their significance. To see the useful result of image interpretation the primary tasks are:

• Detection
• Identification
• Measurement
• Problem solving

Detection- It is a primary task to detect or identify an object or feature.

Identification- When a particular target is identified or recognized, for example types of soil, vegetation, forest, rock etc.

Measurement- Measurement is related to the area, length, volume etc. of the targeted objects like  forest, rock, water bodies etc.

Problem solving-Image interpretation also involves problem solving that means when an object or the feature is identified an analyst may also be asked to give the complex significances of an image which is sometimes not depicted and so the statement is given as a probability of correction.

The Attributes on which Interpretation is based are:
 

1. Location
2. Size
3. Shape
4. Shadow
5. Tone/colour
6. Texture
7. Pattern
8. Height and depth
9. Site/situation
10. Association

1.Location- It is related with the position of the object that is global positioning of an object or feature.

2.Size- Size is one of the most important things to know as it tells about the length, breath and perimeter about the feature.It is important to know about the scale. Example sports fields.

3.Shape- The Shape also helps in image interpretation.There are numerous objects on the earth's surface with different shapes and features that helps to interpret.

4.Shadow- Shadow helps in identification of the objects like mountain, building, trees, etc. depending upon the low angle of the sun.

5.Tone/color- Tone refers to the shades of black, white and grey and color refers to the different combination of hue that is blue, green, red which is reflected from vegetation, water, soil etc. An interpreter can interpret through the specific reflected wavelength.

6.Texture- If the tone of different objects is uniform, then the texture helps to interpret the images through smoothness or coarseness.

7.Pattern- Pattern is related with the arrangement of objects, whether natural or man made on the land like settlement pattern, drainage pattern etc. For example some of the patterns are rectangular, triangular, linear, radial etc.

8.Height/depth- It is related with the elevation and is most helpful in detecting the images as it cast shadow depending upon the height and angle of the sun. Buildings and electric poles are the good examples as they are raised from the the ground.

9.Site/Situation/Association - Site here refers to the surroundings or the environment wheather natural or man made, for example regions like slope,hill, plateau, forest, soil etc. Whereas the situation refers to how these are arranged or situated in which manner. For example industries like steel plant industry. Assocition means the common features that is commonly associated with each other. Site, Situation and association mostly work together they are rarely independent. Example a large shopping mall is associated with number of buildings, parking lots, roads etc.

GIS MAPPING TRAINING ONLINE IN INDIA

GIS MAPPING TRAINING ONLINE IN INDIA

GIS is a powerful approach towards exploring the world. GIS stands for geographical information system. We all know that there is a need of GIS in almost every field so it plays an important role in govt. As well as in Pvt. Sectors.

Online GIS mapping training in India is a very good opportunity for one and all whether he is a fresher orbit knowledgeable in the field of GIS. Online training provides basic knowledge about the softwares like ArcGIS, GRASS, MapInfo, Quantum GIS is presently known as QGIS that makes it easy to work with GIS and is worth in map making. The online GIS mapping training is a standardized course covering the basic concept of complex material in a simpler form.

It is of great value for the people who are not familiar of GIS and its softwares but has its inheritance in their job. Helps people in map making by displaying geographical information and in many other ways, analyzing, visualizing and solving problems. After developing basic skills regarding the softwares an individual can work on his own or can apply the GIS knowledge in the workplace or organization.

Ques 1. What is online GIS mapping training?
Ans.       Online GIS mapping training relates to the e-learning of GIS softwares like ArcGIS, GRASS, QGIS etc. It is an online study that is basic, flexible and easy to learn.

Ques 2. How it is useful?
Ans.       It is useful in many ways:

• Saves time
• Easy to learn
• Can be applied in other workplace

Ques 3. In what feilds/streams, it can be used?
Ans.      It can be used in both the private and govt. Sectors and in the fields like M.Sc, MA in geography, IT, CS etc.

Ques 4. What are the training centers in India?
Ans.        The training centers are:

• GIS Training Institute in India  
• Geological Survey of India
• Computer Training Centers Listing from India
• National Indian Programs Training Center
• ESRi 

The few training centers are listed above, there are many more GIS training centers that are being run in India.

What Is Open Source Remote Sensing ?

Open Source Remote Sensing

Remote sensing is defined as a technology which provides information about the environment or the phenomenon on the earth's surface which is far away or remotely sensed. A person can get information about the things without any direct as well as physical contact with an object.

Open source remote sensing is a software with a source code which is available for all as a source to learn, to explore and to make use of it. Open sources are the licensed softwares made by many people which are freely available and can be easily used and further modified by anyone for the credits.

SOME SOURCES OF REMOTE SENSING:

IDRISI

Erdas

ENVI

ILWIS

QGIS

Orfeo Toolbox

R

GRASS

SAGA GIS

The above given sources of remote sensing some are free whereas few are not.

ILWI,QGIS for GIS, Orfeo toolbar, R,GRASS,SAGA are some of the free or open sources for remote sensing whereas IDRISI,Erdas,ENVI are not free.

Ques. How open source software is useful?

Ans.  It is enourmously useful to the people who even have a little          knowledge about this. It is available free of cost with license that means it avoids expense. It can be used by anyone and can also be further modified for the credits.

Ques. What are the objectives of open source?

Ans.  There are many objectives like:

1. People who are new to this field can gain knowledge about this and is also theoretically   beneficial to them. 
2. Through this open source lectures can be delivered to the students in the lab.
3. The changes can be made in the software and can be generated further.
4. It can be very helpful for the research scholars to carry out their research in a good and technical manner. 

Ques. What are the best open source for remote sensing?

Ans.  The best open source for remote sensing are QGIS 2.0.1 "Dufour",GDAL 1.9.2, GRASS GIS 6.4.3,Orfeo Toolbox 3.18, R 3.0.2 and SAGA 2.1.

Ques. What are the microsoft windows in which open source can run? 

Ans.  Linux, windows, windows Vista, windows Azure, etc are some of the microsoft windows that support open sources and the applications like JAVA and C++ makes the software easily run.

HAPPY HOLI - Spatial IT Solutions

Holi is a festival of colours. It is a festival celebrated all over India with a great zeal as it is one of the main festival of India. Every year holi is celebrated at the end of winter that in march after full moon.This year in 2014 India will be celebrating holi on monday 17th of march.

Gulal, pichkari, heap of different colours of gulal in market places, eatables symbolises holi and the last but not the least bonfire known as "Holika Dahan" a trditional ceremony symbolizing victory of good over evil.

On behalf of colouge and members of Spatial IT Solutions pvt.limited wish you a very happy and colourful holi. May all your problems and worries vanish and a life is filled with beautiful colours.

HOW TO USE POINT, LINE AND POLYGON IN A MAP?

The word GIS stands for Geographical Information System. It is a technology that gives us information about various things and places on the earth's surface or we can even define it as a technology that is used to view and analyze data from a geographic/ geospatial perspective. Similarly, there is a software known as QGIS previously known as Quantum GIS which helps in making maps or you can say that it plays a major role in the map projection.

The QGIS is very useful for the Thematic maps. The basic files used in creating maps are:

• Raster
• Vector

In raster files, images contain in the form of pixels, or cells, whereas vector files Points, Lines and Polygons for making images.

HOW TO USE POINT, LINE AND POLYGON IN A MAP?

1. Point: It is used to specify a particular thing or position on the earth's surface, specially used in GPS for the positioning. It is also known as a coordinates that shows the exact location which is very helpful in making maps. The smallest geographical features are well specified by the points where lines and polygons cannot be used. The point is a mark or dot used in the starting and at the end. 
2. Line: It is used to show the narrow features on the map or you can say the length of the features like road, railway, streams, etc. Lines show the shape and direction which is in more detailed manner that it easier for the users.
3. Polygon: It is used to show a particular area or geographical features like a state, particular district, wetland, agriculture, forest, etc. Polygons are the series of nodes that are joined together. The starting and the ending point is the same that means when we draw a polygon we have to end at the same node from where we started.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF GIS TRAINING COURSES THAT WE RUN

Spatial IT Solutions Pvt. Limited  a well established company in Jaipur, India offers different types of GIS training courses under (SISPL). The aim of the training is to generate a proper and good foundation in the field of  GIS so to explore more and more challenges with the GIS technology.

GIS Training programs of various courses related with softwares provide basic and grounded knowledge of both the theoretical and practical field.

Our Training Programs:

• To provide basic knowledge and technical skill for good career in the private as well as the government sector.
• To know about the best use of GIS softwares the field of urbanization and management.
• To provide a unique and strong platform for the students to get employed in the universities in the education sector.
• to know about the GIS world and its interaction with the universe.

Topics For The Training:

• GRASS GIS
• QGIS or Quantum GIS
• PostGIS
• ArcGIS
• MapInfo
• spatialite 
• MySQL 

Other courses beneficial in various streams being offered by the company with well equipped and highly qualified faculty are: Mapping, Network Analysis, Remote Sensing, Digital Image Processing etc.

What in the world is a 'GIS' ?

The word GIS stands for Geographical Information System. It is a technology  that gives us information about various things and places on the earth's surface or we can even define it as a technology that is used to view and analyze data from a geographic/ geospatial perspective. It is a powerful approach towards exploring the world. While working with GIS specialized software's are used for input, storage, manipulation/analysis and output/display of geographic (spatial) information, often using maps or other visual displays.

What in the world is a 'GIS'?

We can explore the world through GIS as it is used in almost every fields like Oceanography, Climatology, Geology, Archeology, Economics, History, Environment, Engineering, public health etc. GIS plays a vital role in an industries and sectors both in private as well as government sectors. With GIS so used across the disciplines and business sectors, you’ll see GIS as a desired skill for a vast number of positions.

There are colleges and universities offering GIS education programs as it gives a lots of reasons, but not the least of which, it could very well get you with bonus point for career in any field. The educational programs likes "geospatial technology program, Geospatial Revolution project, My Wonderful World".

GIS is best used by the students who are from  IT, CS and geography  background.

Hyperspectral Remote Sensing

The advances in remote sensing and geographic information that made the way for the development of Hyperspectral remote Sensors. Imagery Spectroscopy is also known as Hyperspectral Remote Sensing and it is a new technology that is presently being investigated by scientists and researchers and it would deal with the detection and identification of minerals, vegetation, man-made materials and backgrounds. It combines imaging and spectroscopy in one system and it often includes large data sets and require new processing methods.

Like other spectral imaging, Hyper Spectral imaging collects and processes information from across the electromagnetic spectrum. Unlike the human eye that can see the visible light in three bands(red, blue & green), spectral imaging divides the spectrum into more bands. The technique of diving images into bands that can be extended beyond the visible region.

Hyperspectral Remote Sensing makes use of Hyperspectral Sensors. The sensors collect information as a set of images, where each image represents a range of electromagnetic spectrum and is also called spectral band. All of these images are further collected and integrated to form a three-dimensional hyperspectral cube for the purpose of processing and analysis.

The precision of these sensors is typically measured in spectral resolution, which is the width of each band of the spectrum that has been captured. It is possible that the senors might detect a large number of fairy narrow frequency bands giving the possibility to identify objects even if they are captured in a handful of pixels.

Spatial Resolution is a factor in addition to Spectral Resolution. If the pixels are sufficiently large then multiple objects are captured in the same pixel and it becomes difficult to identify each of them. Also if the pixels are too small, then the energy that is captured in each sensor cell is quite low and the decreased signal-to-noise ratio reduces the reliability of measured features.

The acquisition and refining of hyperspectral images is also referred to as imaging spectroscopy.

Applications:

There are a few scenarios that make use of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing.

• Biomass burning: subpixel temperatures, smoke

• Atmosphere: cloud properties, water vapor, aerosols

• Snow/Ice: snow cover fraction, melting

• Geology: minerals and soil type

• Commercial: agriculture, forest production and mineral exploration

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